Predictions of changes.  More plants, less animal matter.  40%  plants grown in Nepal and Bhutan, rest grown at lower altitude.  Tibetan medicine and other similiar prefer high altitude plants. Tibet has many plants which have high cooling potential. Specific habitats grow the herbs useful for curing disorders of that area. 
2 powers - dependent on nature of the habitat:  HOT - SUN/ COOL -MOON. 
Some plants named after similiar looking objects/parts of the body. 
According to it's power, particular medicines can be classed as Male - High potency Female - low Neuter - middle

CAMPHOR is very COOLING - more powerful plants in Tibet. 
AQUILLIGEA  - COOLING.  Lower altitude plants less effective than higher altitude cooling plants. 
HOT TYPE  :    Nepal, Sikkim, Tibet, Bhutan, Manali, 
BITTER, COOLING:   India, Tibet, Manali -  Blue Poppy with bigger petal has less potency than smaller one 
TIBET has 380 plants. 

HERBAL MEDICINE -  COARSE NATURE  : 
Medicinal herbs consumption over long period - degeneration of digestive heat, aggravates Lung factor, transformation of the Bodily Constituents. 
If specific medicines are not available,  the common spices can be used, and the effect is mild

7 features on compounding medicines - animal, mineral and herb 

Precious  stones - 8 different types 
Semi-precious stones - 5 classifications 
Soil - Herbs - resin
Rock - Minerals 
Animal Products, horns, fur, internal organs 
Bi-annuual, Perennial  6 tastes 
Tse man - smell only, not always taste present 

Inborn nature of the power changes in application and use over the years.  Prophesy in texts: 500 circle of years after Buddha, vicious acts and illness, animals extinct.  Scarcity of ingredients, expensive, hard to get.  Lack of knowledge of how to apply.  Most of meds. need de-toxifying, takes up to one month.  People will lose patience. 
Places devoid of vegetation, all plants have some inborn potential to cure.  Easy to compound, quick effect, affordable.  We have nearly come to that time, making use of plants, almost stopped using animal products.   Herbs have QUICKER and SHARPER effect than animal or stones. 
Effectiveness depends on 7 steps followed : 

1. Grown in a very clean place, no contamination. Cold or hot depending on counteraction of hot or cold disease. 
2. Collection of  herbs, when they are in a  state of maximum potential 
3. Separating coarse, poinsoning part from good. 
4. Drying of the herbs, hot property 
5. Making use of med. herb before its effectiveness is lost 
6. Making med. compound more suitable, more mild for consumption 
7. Different methods and specific compounds 

Recognize and know natural inborn properties of particular herb, whether hot or cold. 
Check out whether it is grown at optimum atmosphere which contributes to enriching and maximising innate property of particular plant. 
Cold herbs - higher altitude, hillside facing north, cool nature and atmosphere, innate energy and potential to counteract hot disease at max. potential. 
It is possible for the above plants to be grown at a lower altitutde, would still contain cold or hot potency, but  REDUCED, and less effective in counteracting hot and cold diseases. 
GENTIANA - high  Himalaya, suspicious variety grown in Sweden.  Comparing one in natural habitat and one cultivated in different area or altitude -  different height. Greater height when cultivated (generally larger) - larger size - reduced potency.  Natural habitat has much more intensifed BITTERNESS (for example).  Cultivated Gentian has less effect in counteracting hot disorders..  Natural habitat has greater  efficacy in Dr. Dawaís view.  That plants with cooling properties are never grown at lower altitudes is not true.  Some are grown at lower level, but efficiency is not at the optimum.   Thoroughly look at nature of habitat, if plant  is  not from natural habitat, INCREASE or DECREASE ingredients.  When collecting, KEEP THIS IN MIND, very important.  If cultivated on a large scale, at natural habitat, could be of great help. 

Time of Collection: 
Make use of different parts of plants, specific part of plant collected when at optimum level. 
Collect at the right time, max. potential.  Collect at the wrong time, not medicine, ëjust a strawí.   Climatic factor prevalent in Tibet (Gys-zhi) may vary a little in exile.  Seasonal factor, seasonal impact concept, relates to plants worldwide. 
Root, trunk, stem, branch - Autumn.  Leaves fall and fruits fall, cosmo-physical element, Water and Earth.  Falls down to root and branches, strengthening sapling or shoots. 
Purgative med. - Autumn - energy is descending/falling - Fall 
Summer - foliage is thick and  rainfall present. Flowers and fruit - flowers in bloom, fruit is ripe.  Different times, different fruits and flowers, no specific time, depends on plantís own time for ripening. 
Barks, cortex, vessels - Spring 
Emetic med. - Spring - cosmo-physical. Fire/Air goes up - emetic nature is to bring up - corresponds 
Diuretic - time given out by astrologer.  Collect plants for diuretic properties at wrong time, lack of efficiency.  Right time when plant is at optimum level is VERY IMPORTANT. 
 

Procedure - separating toxic nature from plant (not fatal effect) 
ACONITUM - innate property of toxin, no detoxifying - FATAL effect. 

Herbs - coarse, different part has own specific coarse nature.  Long-term use may cause problems with Lung.  Separate coarsest part from rest.  Wash herbs in water which is  around in that region - helps to remove coarsest portion.  After washing, peel off external cover of root.  Some roots have thick cover, some thin. Thin cover can leave aside after washing.  Coaser, must peel away.  Branch - remove the nodes.  Leaves, remove veins of leaf. REMOVE COARSE PART.  Bulb - remove inside, wash outside.  Lactics and Resins - can use whole plant.  Break top of plant, milky lactics found.  Remove the milky part in most cases.   (Sketches of plants in Notebook). 
De-toxifying, boiled in water, boiled in milk, fried, mixing other ingredients in, knowledge of de-toxifying is very vast. 
Dried in appropriate place, according to property.  When making use of whole plant, cut into small pieces so easier to dry. 
Crush with help of rock, or chop.   Innate energy and property not diminished.  KNIFE WILL CUT INNATE FLOW/PATHWAY OF ENERGY. (so rock is better). 
Hot property medicine should be dried in the sun or a place which is warm.  Dry herbs at fireplace, but donít burn, don't contaminate with smoke. 
Cool property plants - dried in cool, dark places.  Strenghtening and improving efficacy of various herbs. Whole part of medicine should be dried, make sure inner portion thoroughly dried.  Very important to go through this step, once in airtight container, moisture would form. 
Energy/use - smell, different containers so smell does not spread to other plants. 
Make use of plant before inborn energy is lost. 
Minerals/precious stones - efficacy lies in nature, so danger of being diminished is not applicable. 
Parts of plant or tree (Myrobalan) collect and preserve free from moisture or dampness. 
Herbs, flowers, fruits, use in same year as collected, donít collect in very large quantities and keep, efficacy will diminish. 

TO DERIVE CONCENTRATION OF HERBS: 
Use actual concentrate/extract instead of plant in natural state, effect is MORE. 
Derive concentrated extract, consume or apply on skin, eye drops etc. 

Take 3 containers, big, med, smaller. Quantity of water should be double amount of substance. 
Big pot, high intensity of fire, strain out into medium pot, simmer.  Then into smaller pot, very low heat.  Boil for a long time so extract is derived.  No spec. duration, according to different substances.  Strain - NO SEDIMENT into 2nd container.  Sediment may burn.  Utensil must be smaller at each stage. WATCH CAREFULLY, MUST NOT BURN.  Check whether to turn off heat. 
Slab of rock, steel plate, 1 drop falls on it, gets cold, moulded into pill, doesnít stick, able to be moulded, right degree of aggregation is reached.  Preserve in bottle or airtight container. Not metal. Keep in a  dry, cool place, fridge.  Efficacy - 3 years. 

Extract: 10 kg. of plant - 1 kg. extract.  BERBERIS - 1 kg. of plant, 10 grams of extract.

PLANTS 

Homelui 1, 2 & 3 - Bitter, Cooling, cures blood disorders, Manali (shoot)
Meconopsis Ngonpo(Blue) - Sweet and astringent. Tibet, above 3,800 ms.Also Manali.
Meconopsis Serpo(Yellow) - Bitter, cool rough
Meconopsis (Green) - Bitter, not intoxicating 
Meconopsis (Pink and Red) - Sweet, bitter, astringent, cool (all these below Rothang Pass) 
Sassurea (Whitish, dry pods) - Bitter cool and rough.
Gentian robusta Karpo (White) PANGYEN (for inflamm. of the throat)
Gentiana robusta - used in treating fever in the hollow organs and bilious fever.
Rosa/ Corydalis (Blue) like Iris - bitter, cool - Trachea.
Polygonatum - acc. of fluid in jts. 
Primula - Sweet, cool, warts and skin disorders.
Juniper leaves - Bitter cool, Kidney dis., inflamm. and accummulation of fluids.
Pleurospermum hookeri  - useful in treating diseases caused by poisons and inflmmations. Above 3.900 ms. not root, all the rest, popular med. against poison, shepherds ate the stem.
Pleurospermum sp. Useful in treating diseases caused by poisons, and inflammations. Wild.
Jurinea Dolomiaea - Heals wounds, useful in treating cancer ('bras).  Above 3,000 ms. Arid type, damper type.
Lindelofia Stylosa - useful in treating Lung dis. and Blood problems.  Arid region. 3 types.Reddish substances - effective, high altitude (good). Emesis, picked in Spring, leaf used, 3,700 ms. Dye for Torma. Badkhen type.
Fritillaria Cirrhosa (ARRICA) -Heals fractured skull and poisoning.  Arid area, above 3,000 ms. root. 
Ranunculus adoxifolius - Useful in dyspepsia, healing chronic wounds and dropsy. 3 types
Carthamus Tinctoris (BERRICA - used to colour Boudha stupa)- Helpful in treating Liver dis. and bleeding.  Potency: Hot - most acrid herb/other 2 types less hot. Flowers.
Zanthoxelem alateum (ER MU) - Helps digestion, alleviates pain caused by worms in the intestine and useful intreating skin diseases and heart problem ass. with Lung. Spice, red berry, black kernel diaretic,taken before RINCHEN rilbu, though our channels.
Rubia Cordifolia - helps to treat blood disorders and spreading fever. Turns red in autumn.
Lloydia sp.(TSA AWA) - heals abdominial ulcers and good for eyes.   Male with flower, female without flower, more effective.
Orobanche cernua - Good for bleeding, chronic wounds and burns. 3 types.
Bergenia stracheyi (KAR DU) - useful in treating epidemic fever, lungs inflammation and nervous disorder.  Root used, mostly cultivated, emergencies - crush leaves, rub on wound, leaves effective.
Arisaema intermedium - helps to treat diseases causedby worms and good for chronic wounds.  2 varieties - detoxify the root, boil in water, then change the water.
Arisaema sp. helps to treat diseases caused by wounds.  Inferior, grown at lower regions. Below 3,000 ft.
Typhonium sp. - helps to treat diseases caused by worms and goood for chronic wounds. Solu Khumbu - substitute for flour.
Aconitum sp (Blue). - alleviates epidemic fever, bilious fever and good for poisoning. Very popular against snake poisoning. Root.
Aconitum heterophyllum (White) - alleviates epidemic fever, bilious fever and good for poisoning. More effective higher altitude, 3,900 ms. (Check white and blue types correct)
Aconitum violaceum (Red) - relieves pain due to arthritus and gout. Useful in treating Lung disorders, leprosy etc. Poisoning.
Aconitum duridum (Yellow) - as above. Detoxify by boiling in milk.  Yellowish when broken (other types white).
Aconitum ferox (Black)  - as above.  VERY POISONOUS.  Blackish when broken.
Pedicularis cheilanthi folia (KAL LAN)- heals wounds and good for urine obstruction  Rams horns, but trunk like elephant.
Pedicularis roylei - as above. Not very popular)
Pedicularis sp. (Female)
Pedicularis sp. (Male - with flower)
Pedicularis pyramidata (Hernia phrod.?)
Swertia Chirata - wild, very bitter. Useful in treating bilious fever, liver inflammation. Yellow colour - eyes etc. use juice, very effective.
Lancea tibetica - heals Lung diseases and dries wounds - heart of plant small, so use all of plant.  Seed looks like heart.
Ligularia sp. helps to emit diseases caused by Tipa.
Lagotis kunawarensis (ESKUT - HONG LEN) - cures blood disorders and inflammation of the six vital organ and six hollow organs. 3.900-5.600ms. Bitter and cool
Meconopsis sp. - used against skull fracture and to increase bone marrow.
Doronicum sp. - used as an anti-inflammatory, to subside swellings andbest for relieving pain.
Hyocyamus niger - this plant is used for disease caused by pathogens.
Erysimum chamaephyton - used for fever of the lungs.
Aster sp. - used for poison and epidemic fever.
Codonopsis sp. - good for treating fits, leprosy and diseases causedby demons
Sassurea obvallata - used against fits and diseases inflected by demons.
Meconopsis paniculata - used in treating fever of the lungs and liver.  Used as an emetic for Badkhen.
Pedicularis longiflora - used against extreme rise of Lung and fever in the body
Phytolacca acinosa - used for treating poison and fever
Rubus sp. - good for disorders of Lung, Badkhen - cold dis and extends span of life.  Against fever.
Podophyllum hexandrum - used against nerve dis. and dis. of the uterus.
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria - helps to cure Tipa dis. and fever ass. with diarrhoea.
Oxytropis sp. - used against dropsy and sudden swellings of the body
Morina polyphylla - Emetic for Badkhen
Corydalis meifolia -  used for treating epidemic diseases and contagious fever.
Dactylorhiza hatagirea - provides physical strength and increases sperm in the body.
Selinium wallichinum - helps to cure heart dis. ass. with fever and poison.
Clematis sp. - increases bodily heat, distintergrate tumour, cleanses septic sores and draws pus.
Drosera peltata - without causing harm to Blood and Tipa it is best for gaining strength and good health.
Pterocephalus hookeri - cures epidemic diseases, poison, heart ailments and fever.
Sassurea simpsoniana - mends wounds on head and subsides sudden swellings of the body.
Ephedra gerardiana - treating haemorrhage and fever in Spleen.
Berberis concinna - helps to assemble scattered poison in the body and also cures serum dis.
Rosa brunonii - used for curing Tipa dis. and reduces Lung in the body.
Saxifraga sp. - cures dis. of iver, Gall Bladder and fever.

Corallodiscus Kingianus - cures poison and dirrhoea ass. with fever.
Gentiana algida - cures poison and throat ailemnts.
Polygonatum cirrhifolium - used as a tonic for ageing, physical strength and long life.

Meconopsis horridula (TSER NGON) Above 3800 ms.  Taste: Bitter. Nature: Cool. Cures fractures and upper back pain.
Cremanthodium sp. (MING CHEN SERPO) Above 3500 ms.Taste: Bitter. Nature: cool and rough. Cures inflammation, upper back pain due to Blood and Lung combined, and sore throat.
Hyoscyamus Niger (THANG TROM LANG THANG RTSE) Between 3200-3800 ms. Taste: Bitter and hot. Nature: Warm and sharp, intoxicating.  Cures diseases caused by pathogens.
Phaeonychium parriodes (SOLO MUGPO). Around 4,200 ms.Taste: Slightly hot and sweet. Nature: Cool.  Cures lung inflammation.
Rhodiola sp. (SOLO MARPO) Between 3,900-5,200 ms.  Taste: Sweet, bitter and astringent. Nature: Cool.   Promotes bodily constituents, cures Lung disorders, common cold and bad mouth odour.
Aster sp. (ME TOG LUG MI) Between 3300-4600 ms. Taste: Bitter. Nature: Cool. Cures poisoning and fever.
Codonopsis ovata (LUDU(D) DORJE) Between 2400-4200ms. Taste: Bitter, hot and astringent. Nature: Cool. Relieves pain due to rheumatism and gouty joints. Cures stiffness of joints, and leprorsy.
Sassurea obvallata.(ZADUD GOGU)  Between 3600-4500 ms.  Taste: Bitter. Nature: Cool and rough.   Helps to drive away evil spirits and cures epilepsy.
Meconopsis sp. (UTPAL) Between 3800-4100 ms.  Taste: Sweet and astringent.  Nature: Cool. Cures inflammation of Lungs,throat and Liver.
Meconopsis sp. (UTPAL SERPO) Between 3000-4100 ms. Taste: Sweet and astringent. Nature: Warm. Emetic to purge out Badkhen disorders.
Hypercoum sp. (POARPATA)Between 1700-4300 ms. Taste: Bitter. Nature Cool. Cures epidemic fever and fever caused by poisoning.
Pedicularis sp. (LU GRU MUGPO) Grows between 2800-4000 ms.  Taste: Bitter  Nature: Cool. Cures meat poisoning, dystentery with fever, stimulates hair growth.
Pedicularis longiflora (LU GRU SERPO) Between 2400-3800 ms. Taste: Bitter and Astringent.  Nature: Cool. Regulates menstruation, stops bleeding and helps to treat blood pressure.
Phytolacca acinosa (PAWO KARPO) Between 1500-3000 ms. Taste: Bitter. Nature: Cool. Relieves pain, cures poisoning and epidemic fever.
Rubus niveus (KANTAKARI) Between 1800-2900ms. Taste: Sweet and Astringent. Nature: Balanced.  Balances the humours, alleviates fever associated with Lung, treats common cold and lung diseases.
Podophyllum emodi (OLMOSE) Between 2400-4500 ms. Taste: Sweet and Astringent. Nature: Balanced. Helps to treat blood clotting and uterus disorders.
Cynanchum sp. (DUGMO NYUNG) Between 500-1500 ms. Taste: Bitter and Hot. Nature: Cool, rough and sharp. Cures bilious fever and diarrhoea caused  by hot disorders.
Oxytropis sulphurea (SEKAR) Between 3700 -4300 ms. Taste: Sweet. Nature: Warm. Treats dropsy associated with severe anemia, spleen diseases and releves colic pain.
Morina sp. (CHANG TSER) Between 3600-4300 ms.  Taste: Sweet and Astringent.  Nature: Slightly warm. Use as an emetic to purge  indigestion and Badkhen disorders.
Gentiana Robusta (KYICHU/E KARPO) Between 3800-4300 ms.  Taste: Bitter.  Nature: Cool. Cures inflammation of Stomach, Liver and bile.  Heals wounds and cures swelling.
Corydalis sp. (TONGRI ZILPA) Between 2400-4800 ms. Taste: Bitter  Nature: Cool.  Cures common cold, epidemic fever, fever ass. with Tipa and hidden fever.
Gymnadenia sp. (WANG LAG/K) Between 2800-4000 ms. Taste: Sweet. Nature: Warm.  Promotes bodily constituetns and strength. Aids impotency.
Selinum wallichinum (TANG  KUN) Grows between 3800-4300 ms.  Taste: Hot and Bitter. Nature:Cool. Cures inflammation of heart, spread fever caused by poisoning, increase in Lung and disorder of Badkhen/Lung combined.
Clematis Tibetana (YI MONG) Between 1800-3700 ms. Taste: Hot and Sweet.  Nature: Warm.  Cures cold disorders and tumours of the Large Intestine (Colon).
Drosera peltata (TAK NGU) Between 1500-36-- ms. Taste: Sweet and Bitter Nature: Balanced. Promotes bodily strength, cures anaemia and sharpens sense organs.
Pterocephalus hookeri (PANGTSI DOWO) Between 3100-46-- ms. Taste: Bitter  Nature: Cool.  Cures fever due to common cold and poisoning.  Relieves colic pain and cures diarrhoea caused by hot disorders. (Bhutan) 
Sassurea sp. (GANG LHA METOG) Between 4400-5600 ms. Taste: Bitter and Sweet.  Nature: Cool. Cures rheumatism and regulates menstruation.
Rhododendhron sp. (DALI) Between 3600-4800 ms. Taste: Sweet, Bitter and astringent.  Nature: Warm. Alleviates Badkhen and cold disorders, used for rejuvenation.  Flower used in incense
Ephedra gerardiana (TSHE DHUM) Between 2400-5000 ms.  Taste: Bitter. Nature: Cool. Cures inflammation of Liver and Spleen, bilious fever and chronic fever.  Stops bleeding and also sued for rejuvenation.
Berberis concinna (KERPA NAGPO)  Between 2400-4500 ms. Taste: Bitter  Nature: Cool and rough.  Cures inflammation of the eyes, poisoning, ulcers in mouth, sore throat and diarrhoea due to inflammation of the intestine.  Also helps to cure infection of urinary tract.
Roso/a brunonii (SEWE METOG) Between 2100-4400 ms. Taste: Sweet and sour. Nature: Balanced and oily.  Alleviates Tipa disorders, headache, dizziness and noises in the ear.
Saxifraga sp. (SUMCHU TIK/G) Between 2800-4500 ms. Taste: Bitter.  Nature: Cool. Cures Liver inflammation, bilious fever and disorders of blood and Tipa combined.
Corydalia cashmeriana (GABUR ZILNON)  Between 3000-4500 ms.  Taste: Bitter.  Nature: Cool. Cures epidemic fever and subsides swelling.
Corallodiscus lanuginosus (DAGKYA HAWO) Between 2500-3800 ms. Taste: Bitter and Sweet. Nature: Cool. Cures poisoning, diarrhoea caused by hot diseases and disorders of Kidney.
Gentiana sp. (PANGYEN KARPO) Between 3600-4500 ms. Taste: Bitter  Nature: Cool. Cures inflammation of throat and pulmonary tract, hoarseness and cough. Also treats epidemic fever and fever due to poisoning.
Gentiana sp. (PANGYEN NAGPO) Between 3600-4500 ms. Taste: Bitter Nature: Cool. Cures infectious skin disorders and fever.
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (RA NYE) Between 1500-3700 ms.  Taste: Sweet, bitter and astringent.  Nature: wsarm.  Promotes bodily strnegth and digestive heat, relieves lower back pain, treats accumulation of serous fluids in joint and impotency. dropsy and Lung disorders.
Primula rotundfolia (DAK CHAM) Between 3600-45-- ms. Taste: Sweet  Nature: Coo. Heals wounds, skin eruptions and warts.
Carthamus tinctoris (GUR GHUM) Between 1500-18-- ms.  Taste: Sweet  Nature: Cool. Alleviates Liver and Blood disorders, stops bleeding.
Hippophae rhamnoides (TAR BU) Between 330-4500 ms. Taste: Sour. Nature: Balanced. Cures Lung disorders, blood clotting and Badkhen disorders.
Herpetospermum pedunculosum (SER ME) Between 1800-3700 ms. Taste: Bitter  Nature: Cool. Cures Tipa disorders, inflammation of the stomach and intestine/hollow organs -  bilious problems. Forests, damp, seeds, bitter.
Juniperus squamata (SHUK TSER) Between 2500-4600 ms. Taste: Bitter  Nature: Cool.  Alleviates Kidney inflammation and accumulation of serous fluid in joints.
Ligularia amplexicaulis (RI SHO) Between 3000-4300 ms. Taste: Sweet and Bitter Nature: Cool. Use as an emtic to treat indigestion and disorders of Badkhen and Tipa combined.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Inula Racemosa, Polygonum, Asparagus Racemosa (Root)Rubus Sp. Tinospora Cord.(Branch) Santam Alb. Aquilaria Aquillia.(Stem) 
All STEM of Materia Medica. Bone marrow disease. 
(Justica) Adhotoda, Symplocos paniculata (Leaf) Euphorbia Wallichi & Sp. (Latex) Hypercoum sp. Delphinium (Shoot)
All LEAF of M.M.
Fraximus sp., Acadhrachta Indica (Bark) Barberis Lycium Ribes sp. (Cortex) Shorea Robusta Pine resin.
All BARK of M.M. Skin, lymph. 2nd month.

Pomegranate, Punica, Coriandum Sativum (Fruit) - 5 Sense organs, Vital organs, 8th month.
Rosa sp. Bombax (Flower)

Euphorbia sp. and E.Wallichii - purgatives, 9th month. Fruits (dry), Earth and Water DESCEND.
Ligularia amplexicaulis - Fire and Wind. 
Morina sp.- Emetic, late Spring (Heat).